Logic #

All handout series

Foreword to the Categories #

foreword · Categories Foreword · 3 pages · PDF · 01-Foreward_to_the_Categories.pdf

Covers: Introduction to Aristotle’s Categories, considering its matter (names said of many things, genera and species), end, form (division into ante-predicaments, predicaments, post-predicaments) and author (Aristotle).

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The Four Kinds of Opposite #

note · Categories Chapter 10 · 7 pages · PDF · 01-Opposites_Ch.10.pdf

Covers: Berquist’s commentary on Categories ch. 10 (opposites): the four kinds (relatives, contraries, lack and having, affirmation and negation), each considered in particular, and their differences. It ends with an appendix giving his division of the chapter.

(The description of what this handout covers was resolved with medium confidence.)

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Substance - Chapter 5 #

note · Categories Chapter 5 · 7 pages · PDF · 01-Substance_Ch.5.pdf

Covers: Berquist’s commentary on Categories ch. 5 (substance): the distinction and order of first and second substance, and the properties of substance. It ends with a division of the chapter.

(The description of what this handout covers was resolved with medium confidence.)

Read from in:

• Logic (2016) — 9. Crossing Two Divisions, How Words Become Equivocal by Reason, and the Start of the Chapter on Substance (from 41:55) · p. 1
• Logic (2016) — 11. The Properties of Substance, the Hypostasis of Christ, and Thomas’s Texts on Substance (from 7:28) · p. 4

Things as Named (Chapter One of the Categories) #

note · Categories Chapter 1 · 16 pages · PDF · 01-Things_as_Named_Ch.1.pdf

Covers: Berquist’s commentary on Chapter 1 of Aristotle’s Categories: the three definitions of equivocal, univocal and denominative things, the narrower sense of univocal, and why Aristotle uses ‘animal’ for both equivocal and univocal examples. Cites Aquinas (In V Metaphysicorum, De Veritate q.2 a.11 ad 8).

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Contrariety in Particular #

note · Categories Chapter 11 · 9 pages · PDF · 02-Contrariety_Ch.11.pdf

Covers: Berquist’s commentary on Chapter 11 of Aristotle’s Categories (the chapter on contraries): contraries in themselves (one contrary only? must both exist?), contraries in comparison to their subject, and contraries in comparison to genera. Includes footnotes citing Aquinas on Physics V, Lectio III, and an appendix with a division of the chapter.

(The description of what this handout covers was resolved with medium confidence.)

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A Proemium to the Categories #

foreword · Categories Proemium · 3 pages · PDF · 02-Proemium_to_the_Categories.pdf

Covers: Berquist’s introduction to the Categories. It says the work is about the distinction and order of names said of many things with the same thought of what they are (genera and species). It also touches on the ante-predicaments, predicaments and post-predicaments, and on why the work is a beginning for understanding what things are.

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Quantity - Chapter Six #

note · Categories Chapter Six (Quantity) · 17 pages · PDF · 02-Quantity_Ch.6.pdf

Covers: Commentary on Categories ch. 6 on quantity: the species of quantity (discrete and continuous; with and without position), quantities per se versus per accidens, and the three properties of quantity (no contrary, not said more or less, equal and unequal). It ends with a “Division of Chapter Six on Quantity” outline.

(The description of what this handout covers was resolved with medium confidence.)

Read from in:

• Logic (2016) — 12. The Beauty of Order: Numbers in the Treatise on the Trinity, Limit in Art, and Why the Genera of Being Are Not the First Distinction (from 52:35) · p. 1
• Logic (2016) — 13. Quantity by Its Parts and Measures: Two Definitions of the Continuous, Logician versus Wise Man, and Music versus Painting (from 31:55) · pp. 1–5
• Logic (2016) — 14. Divisions of Five, the One Convertible with Being, and the Species of Quantity (from 12:23) · pp. 6–7
• Logic (2016) — 15. Quantity, Time and Reason: Individuation, the Properties of Quantity, and Number as Abstraction (from 0:00) · pp. 7–11
• Logic (2016) — 16. Categories, Chapter 6 on Quantity: Intentions of the Mind, Number and the Unity of Piles (from 27:01) · pp. 15–17
• Logic (2016) — 17. From Quantity to ‘Towards Something’: Categories, Chapter 7 on Relation (from 1:40) · p. 17

Chapter Two of the Categories: Two Divisions #

note · Categories Chapter 2 (Two Divisions) · 10 pages · PDF · 02-Two_Divisions_Ch.2.pdf

Covers: Berquist’s commentary on Chapter 2 of the Categories: the division of those said (with or without intertwining) and the division of beings. Discusses what is divided (words vs. things), the disagreement between Cajetan and the Neoplatonic commentators, with a quoted passage from Aquinas’s Scriptum super Sententiis III, d. 6 on particular, individual, hypostasis, and person.

(The description of what this handout covers was resolved with medium confidence.)

Read from in:

• Logic (2016) — 9. Crossing Two Divisions, How Words Become Equivocal by Reason, and the Start of the Chapter on Substance (from 7:36) · p. 3
• Logic (2016) — 27. The Last Six Categories, God’s Eternity, and a Review of the Ante- and Post-Predicaments (from 34:23) · p. 3

Albert at the Cross Roads of Logic #

paper · Other 03 · 9 pages · PDF · 03-Albert_at_the_Crossroads.pdf

Covers: Essay by Duane H. Berquist on Albert the Great’s ambivalence about the aim of the logician: whether logic considers names/words per se (Boethius and the Greek Neo-Platonic commentators, first and second placing of names) or only by accident (Avicenna, Cajetan). Draws on the commentaries on Aristotle’s Categories.

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Before - Chapter 12: A Carrying Over from Greek into English of Chapter Twelve #

reading · Categories Chapter 12 (Before) · 11 pages · PDF · 03-Before_Ch.12.pdf

Covers: Translation of Categories chapter 12 on the senses of ‘before’ (prior): by time, by non-reversal of existence, by order, by honor, and by cause (the man and the true statement about him). The file’s last page (p. 11) carries Berquist’s division of the chapter, but the whole file is chiefly the translation.

(The description of what this handout covers was resolved with medium confidence.)

Read from in:

• Logic (2016) — 45. Distinctions and Likeness Among the Tools; Why Aristotle’s Metaphysics Book III Begins with Doubting Well (from 25:57) · p. 5
• Natural Hearing — 73. The Now as Indivisible Limit of Past and Future (from 39:54) · p. 3
• Wisdom (2005) — 51. Juliet’s Beauty and God’s Self-Knowledge; Reading 6 on Proximate Ability; Opening of Reading 7 on the Senses of ‘Before’ (from 58:36) · p. 5
• Secunda Secundae — 7. Distinction and Order, the Senses of ‘Before’, and Augustine’s Definition of Believing (II-II q.2 a.1) (from 12:55) · p. 5

Chapter Three of the Categories (Order in said-ofs) #

note · Categories Order in said-ofs · 5 pages · PDF · 03-Order_in_said-ofs.pdf

Covers: Berquist’s commentary on Chapter Three of the Categories: the statements governing the ordering of genera, species and differences under the highest genera, with the first statement (what is said of the predicate is said of the subject) explained via Cajetan and Simplicius. The handout ends with an appended Aquinas passage (Scriptum super Sententiis I, d.19, q.4, a.2, obj.1 and ad 1) on modes of predication.

(The description of what this handout covers was resolved with medium confidence.)

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Quality - Chapter 8 #

note · Categories Chapter 8 · 20 pages · PDF · 04-Quality_Ch.8.pdf

Covers: Berquist’s commentary on Categories ch. 8 (quality): definition of quality and its four species (habit/disposition, natural ability/inability, undergoing qualities and undergoings, figure/shape), the properties of quality, and the connection of some qualities with ’toward something’. Includes a reply to an objection about placing the same thing in two genera (genus, species and the rules of chapter 3).

(The description of what this handout covers was resolved with medium confidence.)

Read from in:

• Logic (2016) — 23. Relations of Reason in De Potentia, and Aristotle’s Chapter on Quality (from 30:43) · pp. 1–3
• Logic (2016) — 24. Relations of Reason and the Four Species of Quality: Dividing by Two or Three, Virtue as the Road to Happiness, and Number in the Trinity (from 47:15) · p. 4
• Logic (2016) — 25. Quality Said in Many Ways: Qualis and ‘How’, Why Habit Comes First (Prima Secundae), Modus, and the Four Senses of End (from 23:38) · pp. 9–11
• Logic (2016) — 26. Quality in Theology: Powers, Grace, Sacramental Character and Words Taken from the Continuous (from 19:00) · p. 16

The Skopos of the Categories #

paper · Categories 04-Short_Skopos_of_the_Categories · 17 pages · PDF · 04-Short_Skopos_of_the_Categories.pdf

Covers: Berquist’s essay on the skopos (target) of Aristotle’s Categories, following the Greek Commentators (e.g. Ammonius). It states the general determination by tying a knot from the opposing opinions that the work is about things, vocal sounds or thoughts, and then untying it. It ends with two open questions on whether the genus of the skopos of a logical treatise is vocal sound, and whether any other logical treatise is about names of things.

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Chapter Four of the Categories (The Ten Categories) #

note · Categories Chapter 4 · 32 pages · PDF · 04-The_Ten_Categories.pdf

Covers: Commentary on Categories ch. 4: Aristotle’s division of things said without combination into the ten categories (substance, quantity, quality, relation, where, when, position, having, acting, undergoing); meaning of “no intertwining”, “signifies”, and the relation to Topics I (103b20-39), where the ten are enumerated.

(The description of what this handout covers was resolved with medium confidence.)

Read from in:

• Logic (2016) — 6. The Ten Categories in Aristotle’s Text and Thomas on Being Divided by Ways of Predication (from 53:26) · p. 11
• Logic (2016) — 7. Deriving the Ten Categories: Substance, Inherent Accidents, and Extrinsic Denomination by Cause and Measure (from 3:34) · pp. 12–13
• Wisdom (2006, Colorado) — 54. Wonder, Curiosity, and the Proemium: Q&A on Providence, Free Will, and the Central Question (from 30:40) · p. 11

Together (Categories, Chapter 13) #

note · Categories 04-Together_Ch.13 · 3 pages · PDF · 04-Together_Ch.13.pdf

Covers: Berquist’s commentary dividing Categories ch. 13 into three parts: the three senses of ’together’ (same time; convertible in being; species of the same genus by the same division), the genus being before its species, and a recall of the three senses. Cites Cajetan and relates the senses of ’together’ to the senses of ‘before’.

(The description of what this handout covers was resolved with medium confidence.)

No recorded class was matched to this handout.

The Skopos or Aim of the Categories #

paper · Categories 05 · 33 pages · PDF · 05-Long_Skopos_of_the_Categories.pdf

Covers: Essay on the skopos (aim) of Aristotle’s Categories, following the seven steps of the Greek Commentators (esp. Ammonius): whether the skopos is things, thoughts or vocal sounds, resolution of that doubt, and the further steps distinguishing the Categories from other logical treatises.

Read from in:

• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 32. Form and Matter of the Syllogism: Either-Or and If-Then Syllogisms, Right Opinion, and Proportion (from 14:49) · p. 30
• Wisdom (2005) — 38. Metaphysics VI: The Whole Truth, Contradiction, and Truth in the Mind, Good in Things; Predicates and Definition in Logic (from 51:28) · p. 20
• Wisdom (2005) — 39. Isagoge vs. Categories, What a Thing Is, and Metaphysics VII: Defining Substance, Accident and Motion · p. 20
• Wisdom (2006, Colorado) — 37. Metaphysics II, Reading 4: Why There Must Be a First End and a First Form (from 52:07) · p. 30

The Species of Motion #

note · Categories Chapter 14 · 17 pages · PDF · 05-Motion_Ch.14.pdf

Covers: Berquist’s commentary on Categories ch. 14: the six species of motion (generation, corruption, growth, diminution, alteration, change of place), their distinctness, and the opposition of motions; motion is led back to the ten genera.

(The description of what this handout covers was resolved with medium confidence.)

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The Last Six Categories #

note · Categories 05 · 4 pages · PDF · 05-The_Last_Six_Categories.pdf

Covers: Commentary on Categories chapter 9 (act upon, undergo, where, when, to be laid out, to have) and the order of the last six categories, with an appendix quoting Albert the Great’s commentary on the Praedicamenta.

(The description of what this handout covers was resolved with medium confidence.)

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Division of the Categories #

division · Categories 06 · 2 pages · PDF · 06-Division_of_the_Categories.pdf

Covers: Outline of the whole Categories, chapters 1-15: before the genera (ch. 1-4), the genera of categories (ch. 5-9), and after the genera (ch. 10-15: opposites, contrariety, before and together, species of motion, senses of ’to have’).

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Chapter Fifteen – To Have #

note · Categories To Have · 13 pages · PDF · 06-To_Have_Ch.15.pdf

Covers: Berquist’s commentary on the Postpredicament chapter on ’to have’ (Categories ch. 15). It gives the seven or eight ways in which ’to have’ is said. It shows how the genera of accidents are led back to the substance that has them. The last page quotes Aquinas, De Potentia Q. 2, Art. 1, ad 2, on how matter has form and a supposit has a nature.

(The description of what this handout covers was resolved with medium confidence.)

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Reasoning and the Four Kinds of Argument #

note · Other 1 · 7 pages · PDF · 1-REASONING_AND_ARG.pdf

Covers: General introduction to logic: what reasoning is (defined from its beginning and end; premisses and conclusion; knowing vs. guessing), what an argument is, and the four kinds of argument (example, induction, enthymeme, syllogism), their differences and uses (example and enthymeme for singular matters in assembly and courtroom; induction and syllogism for universals in dialectic).

(The description of what this handout covers was resolved with medium confidence.)

Read from in:

• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 11. Logic as Tool and Liberal Art: Ordering Thoughts Through Words (from 33:16) · p. 5
• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 12. Name and Speech, and Aristotle on Learning from Pre-existing Knowledge: Syllogism, Induction, Enthymeme, Example (from 1:51) · pp. 5–6
• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 13. Why Names Come Before Definition: Equivocal Words, Parts and Wholes, and Two Senses of ‘Its Own’ (from 1:06:52) · p. 5
• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 20. Figurative Naming and Names Equivocal by Reason: Synecdoche, Antonomasia, Metonymy, Metaphor, Irony, and the Kept Name (from 53:35) · p. 2
• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 28. Logic of the Second Act Wrap-Up, Mr. Anti-Statement, and What Reasoning Is (from 42:39) · p. 2
• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 29. Example, Induction and Enthymeme: Arguments Near the Senses (from 3:37) · pp. 2–6
• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 30. The Syllogism, Its Likeness to Calculation, and Dividing the Four Arguments (from 0:25) · p. 6
• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 33. The Syllogism: Set of All, Set of None, and the Sixteen Moods of the First Figure (from 0:58) · p. 6
• Logic (2016) — 36. Reason Knowing Itself; The Second and Third Figures of the Syllogism (from 36:11) · p. 6
• Logic (2016) — 47. Actual, Potential and Imaginary Double Meanings: Equivocation, Amphiboly, Two Senses of ‘Before’ and How Premises Cause a Conclusion (from 57:04) · p. 6
• Logic (2016) — 52. Reason Knowing Itself: The Distinction of Distinction and the Fallacy of ‘Simply’ and ‘Somewhat’ (Induction, Rhetoric, Descartes, Hegel, Certainty vs. Dignity of Knowledge) (from 23:20) · p. 2
• Natural Hearing — 81. Zeno’s Paradoxes, the Socratic Method, and the Four Kinds of Conversation (from 33:19) · p. 5
• De Anima — 39. De Anima III.4: Grasping and Judging, and Why the Mind Is Not a Body (from 1:02:38) · p. 6
• De Anima — 72. Summa I, Q.76, Art. 1: Is the Understanding Soul the Form of the Body? The Objections, and Words for Beginning, Mode and Happiness (from 51:10) · p. 2
• Wisdom (2016) — 1. Metaphysics Proemium I: All Men Desire to Know — Sense, Memory, Experience and Art (from 8:02) · p. 5
• Wisdom (2016) — 10. Sapientis est Ordinare: The Wise Man as Director, Universal in Predicating and in Causing, and Why the Most Universal Is Hardest to Know (Part 3 of 3) (from 6:29) · p. 2
• Sacred Scripture — 2. Dividing the Four Gospels and the Fourteen Epistles of St. Paul (from 51:37) · p. 6
• Prima Pars — 5. Dei Filius III: The Church as a Sign of Credibility, the Canons on Faith, and the Two Kinds of Knowledge of God (from 30:09) · p. 5
• Prima Pars — 54. Summa I, Q.14: The Order of the Question on God’s Knowledge, and Article 1: Is There Knowledge in God? (from 1:00:31) · p. 6
• Prima Secundae — 61. Summa I-II Q.21 a.4: Merit Before God; Why Thomas Treats Human Acts Before the Emotions; Faith, Hope and Charity and the Senses of ‘Before’ (from 25:36) · p. 2

The Form of the Simple Syllogism #

note · PriorAnalytics 3 · 12 pages · PDF · 3-SIMPLE_SYLLOGISM.pdf

Covers: Introduction to the form of the simple (categorical) syllogism: premises, terms, middle term, major and minor terms and premises; ends with exercises on invalid/valid forms with example terms (animal, dog, cat, stone).

(The description of what this handout covers was resolved with medium confidence.)

Read from in:

• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 33. The Syllogism: Set of All, Set of None, and the Sixteen Moods of the First Figure (from 8:48) · pp. 3–7
• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 34. Second Figure Syllogisms, the Power of the Figures, and Why Universal Negatives Convert (from 3:28) · pp. 4–8
• Logic (2016) — 35. If-Then Arguments, Conversion of Statements, and the First Figure of the Syllogism (from 26:53) · pp. 3–8
• Logic (2016) — 36. Reason Knowing Itself; The Second and Third Figures of the Syllogism (from 23:35) · pp. 3–4
• Logic (2016) — 38. Two Senses of Induction (God’s Simplicity), the Senses of ‘Body’ and Touch, and the Three Figures of the Syllogism (from 37:19) · p. 3
• Logic (2016) — 41. Aquinas’s Order of God’s Attributes in the Two Summas; Testing Syllogisms in the First and Second Figures (from 24:20) · pp. 3–10

The Art About Statement #

note · DeInterpretatione · 8 pages · PDF · ART_ABOUT_STATEMENT.pdf

Covers: Berquist’s exposition of the logic of statement (De Interpretatione): definition of statement as speech signifying the true or false; simple and compound statements; composing parts (noun, verb, predicate); quantity and opposition of statements, including contradictories and contraries (A/E/I/O).

(The description of what this handout covers was resolved with medium confidence.)

Read from in:

• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 26. True and False in the Simple Statement: Saying More or Less Than the Truth, and Contradictories (from 3:18) · pp. 3–4
• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 27. Compound Statements and the Square of Opposition (from 21:04) · p. 6
• Logic (2016) — 40. If-Then and Either-Or Syllogisms; the Three Figures; Prior vs. Posterior Analytics (from 2:46) · p. 5
• De Anima — 47. Intellect, Imagination, and the Two Acts of Reason: Nature vs. Reason and Will (from 20:22) · p. 7
• Wisdom (2005) — 38. Metaphysics VI: The Whole Truth, Contradiction, and Truth in the Mind, Good in Things; Predicates and Definition in Logic (from 5:37) · p. 7
• Tertia Pars — 7. Summa III, Q.2, Arts. 3–5: One Hypostasis in Christ, the Sense in Which His Person Is ‘Composed’, and the Union of His Soul and Body (from 32:36) · p. 3

Foreword to Logic #

foreword · Other Foreword to Logic · 10 pages · PDF · FOREWORD TO LOGIC.pdf

Covers: General introduction to logic: its matter (three acts of reason and the tools definition, statement, argument), end, form (order of study), and fathers (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle; the Organon); also the etymology of ’logic’ from logos.

Read from in:

• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 13. Why Names Come Before Definition: Equivocal Words, Parts and Wholes, and Two Senses of ‘Its Own’ (from 53:42) · p. 8
• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 22. The Art of Definition I: Definition of a Thing vs. a Name, Full Definition and Encircling, Cause and Effect (from 9:12) · p. 4
• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 24. The Art of Division: Integral and Universal Wholes, Distinction, and the Rule of Two or Three · p. 8
• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 25. Logic of the Second Act: Distinctions, Division, and the Statement (from 1:25) · p. 8
• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 28. Logic of the Second Act Wrap-Up, Mr. Anti-Statement, and What Reasoning Is (from 42:38) · p. 9
• Logic (2016) — 46. God’s Simplicity, Macbeth’s ‘Fair Is Foul’ and the Two Roots of Error: Speech vs. Things in the Fallacies (from 25:27) · p. 4
• Logic (2016) — 52. Reason Knowing Itself: The Distinction of Distinction and the Fallacy of ‘Simply’ and ‘Somewhat’ (Induction, Rhetoric, Descartes, Hegel, Certainty vs. Dignity of Knowledge) (from 18:45) · p. 2
• Natural Hearing — 29. Three Is Enough: The Number Three in Logic, Rhetoric, Music, Physics and Theology (from 14:22) · p. 8
• Ethics — 7. Good, Better, and the End of Man: Review and the Two Kinds of Human Virtue (from 11:31) · p. 3

Matter of the Syllogism #

paper · Other · 4 pages · PDF · MatterOfTheSyllogism.pdf

Covers: Essay on the matter of the syllogism: demonstration versus dialectical syllogism, reasoned-out knowledge versus reasonable guess, and premisses known through themselves. The last page appears to end with unrelated material on choosing evil under the appearance of good and on Meno’s objection about inquiry.

(The description of what this handout covers was resolved with medium confidence.)

Read from in:

• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 38. Fallacies Outside Language: Accident, Secundum Quid and the Meno (from 39:13) · p. 4
• De Anima — 54. De Anima III.10: Desire, Practical Reason, and Looking Before and After · p. 4
• De Anima — 55. Knowing in Some Way, Choosing the Apparent Good, and the Deliberative Imagination (from 2:57) · p. 4

The Proemia to Logic #

note · AquinasCommentary Proemia to Logic · 21 pages · PDF · Proemia_to_Logic.pdf

Covers: Berquist’s discussion of the end of logic and the three acts of reason, with his English translations of Aquinas’s minor proemium (Peri Hermeneias commentary) and major proemium (Posterior Analytics commentary), including the division of logic and the liberal arts.

(The description of what this handout covers was resolved with medium confidence.)

Read from in:

• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 10. Thomas’s Proemia: Logic as the Art of Arts and Its Division by the Three Acts of Reason (from 1:41) · pp. 2–19
• Introduction to Philosophy & Logic (1999) — 11. Logic as Tool and Liberal Art: Ordering Thoughts Through Words (from 0:16) · pp. 19–21
• Prima Pars — 74. Aquinas on Life (ST I q.18 a.1–3): Moving Oneself, Life as Being, and the Grades of Life up to God (from 31:18) · p. 11
• Prima Secundae — 213. Law and Reason, Law and the Common Good (Summa I-II, Q. 90, Articles 1–2): ‘Beginning’ and Its Meanings, Ways to Divide Sacred Doctrine, and the Wise Man’s Judgment of Axioms (from 6:39) · p. 11